Masonry workers use bricks, concrete and concrete blocks, and natural and manmade stones to build structures. Carpenters construct, repair, and install building frameworks and structures made from wood and other materials. Flooring installers and tile and stone setters lay and finish carpet, wood, vinyl, tile, and other materials. Construction laborers and helpers perform many tasks that require physical labor on construction sites.
Construction equipment operators drive, maneuver, or control the heavy machinery used to construct roads, buildings and other structures.
Drywall and ceiling tile installers hang wallboard and install ceiling tile inside buildings. Tapers prepare the wallboard for painting, using tape and other materials. Glaziers install glass in windows, skylights, and other fixtures in buildings.
Painters apply paint, stain, and coatings to walls and ceilings, buildings, large machinery and equipment, and bridges and other structures. Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters install and repair piping fixtures and systems. Roofers replace, repair, and install the roofs of buildings. Ironworkers install structural and reinforcing iron and steel to form and support buildings, bridges, and roads.
Construction and building inspectors ensure that construction meets building codes and ordinances, zoning regulations, and contract specifications. Elevator and escalator installers and repairers install, maintain, and fix elevators, escalators, moving walkways, and other lifts.
Hazardous materials removal workers identify and dispose of harmful substances such as asbestos, lead, and radioactive waste. Automotive body and glass repairers restore, refinish, and replace vehicle bodies and frames, windshields, and window glass. Automotive service technicians and mechanics inspect, maintain, and repair cars and light trucks. Diesel service technicians and mechanics inspect, repair, and overhaul buses, trucks, or any vehicle with a diesel engine.
Small engine mechanics inspect, service, and repair motorized power equipment. General maintenance and repair workers fix and maintain machines, mechanical equipment, and buildings. Line installers and repairers install or repair electrical power systems and telecommunications cables, including fiber optics. Medical equipment repairers install, maintain, and repair patient care equipment. Assemblers and fabricators build finished products and the parts that go into them. Bakers mix ingredients according to recipes in order to make breads, pastries, and other baked goods.
Metal and plastic machine workers set up and operate machines that cut, shape, and form metal and plastic materials or pieces. Machinists and tool and die makers set up and operate machine tools to produce precision metal parts, instruments, and tools. Welders, cutters, solderers, and brazers use hand-held or remotely controlled equipment to join, repair, or cut metal parts and products view profile ».
Woodworkers manufacture a variety of products such as cabinets and furniture, using wood, veneers, and laminates. Stationary engineers and boiler operators control stationary engines, boilers, or other mechanical equipment. Quality control inspectors examine products and materials for defects or deviations from specifications.
Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers design, construct, adjust, repair, appraise and sell jewelry. Dental and ophthalmic laboratory technicians and medical appliance technicians construct, fit, or repair medical appliances and devices. Airline and commercial pilots fly and navigate airplanes, helicopters, and other aircraft.
Air traffic controllers coordinate the movement of aircraft to maintain safe distances between them. Passenger vehicle drivers operate buses, taxis, and other modes of transportation to take people from place to place. Heavy and tractor-trailer truck drivers transport goods from one location to another. Railroad workers ensure that passenger and freight trains operate safely.
They may drive trains, coordinate the activities of the trains, or control signals and switches in the rail yard.
Water transportation workers operate and maintain vessels that take cargo and people over water. Material moving machine operators use equipment to transport objects. Hand laborers and material movers manually move freight, stock, or other materials.
Buyers and purchasing agents buy products and services for organizations. Purchasing managers oversee the work of buyers and purchasing agents. Agricultural engineers solve problems concerning power supplies, machine efficiency, the use of structures and facilities, pollution and environmental issues, and the storage and processing of agricultural products. Health and safety engineers combine knowledge of engineering and of health and safety to develop procedures and design systems to protect people from illness and injury and property from damage.
Aerospace engineering and operations technologists and technicians run and maintain equipment used to develop, test, produce, and sustain aircraft and spacecraft. Electrical and electronic engineering technologists and technicians help engineers design and develop equipment that is powered by electricity or electric current. Electro-mechanical and mechatronics technologists and technicians operate, test, and maintain electromechanical or robotic equipment.
Conservation scientists and foresters manage the overall land quality of forests, parks, rangelands, and other natural resources. Geographers study the Earth and the distribution of its land, features, and inhabitants. Historians research, analyze, interpret, and write about the past by studying historical documents and sources.
Agricultural and food science technicians assist agricultural and food scientists. Craft and fine artists use a variety of materials and techniques to create art for sale and exhibition. Orthotists and prosthetists design and fabricate medical supportive devices and measure and fit patients for them. Fire inspectors examine buildings in order to detect fire hazards and ensure that federal, state, and local fire codes are met.
Financial clerks do administrative work, help customers, and carry out transactions that involve money. Information clerks perform routine clerical duties, maintain records, collect data, and provide information to customers. Material recording clerks track product information in order to keep businesses and supply chains on schedule. General office clerks perform a variety of clerical tasks, including answering telephones, typing documents, and filing records.
Forest and conservation workers measure and improve the quality of forests. Logging workers harvest forests to provide the raw material for many consumer goods and industrial products. Boilermakers assemble, install, maintain, and repair boilers, closed vats, and other large vessels or containers that hold liquids and gases.
Sheet metal workers fabricate or install products that are made from thin metal sheets. Food and tobacco processing workers operate equipment that mixes, cooks, or processes ingredients used in the manufacture of food and tobacco products. Painting and coating workers apply finishes, often using machines, to a range of products.
High school teachers teach academic lessons and various skills that students will need to attend college and to enter the job market. Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers handle routine animal care and help scientists, veterinarians, and others with their daily tasks. Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents connect buyers and sellers in financial markets.
Telecommunications equipment installers and repairers set up and maintain devices that carry communications signals. Aircraft and avionics equipment mechanics and technicians repair and perform scheduled maintenance on aircraft. Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians inspect, maintain, and repair vehicles and machinery used in construction, farming, and other industries.
Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers work on heating, ventilation, cooling, and refrigeration systems. Industrial machinery mechanics, machinery maintenance workers, and millwrights install, maintain, and repair factory equipment and other industrial machinery. Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers control the systems that generate and distribute electric power. Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators manage a system of machines to transfer or treat water or wastewater.
Electrical and electronics installers and repairers install or repair a variety of electrical equipment. Members of the U. Servicemembers work in occupations specific to the military, such as fighter pilots or infantrymen.
Many other members work in occupations that are equivalent to civilian occupations, such as nurses, doctors, and lawyers. Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists oversee wage and nonwage programs that an organization provides to its employees in return for their work. They also evaluate position descriptions to determine details such as classification and salary. Fundraisers organize events and campaigns to raise money and other kinds of donations for an organization.
Training and development specialists plan and administer programs that improve the skills and knowledge of their employees. Computer network architects design and build data communication networks, including local area networks LANs , wide area networks WANs , and Intranets.
Web developers design and create websites. Solar photovoltaic PV installers assemble, set up, and maintain rooftop or other systems that convert sunlight into energy. Genetic counselors assess individual or family risk for a variety of inherited conditions, such as genetic disorders and birth defects. Nurse anesthetists, nurse midwives, and nurse practitioners coordinate patient care and may provide primary and specialty healthcare. Phlebotomists draw blood for tests, transfusions, research, or blood donations.
Wind turbine service technicians install, maintain, and repair wind turbines. Arbitrators, mediators, and conciliators facilitate negotiation and dialogue between disputing parties to help resolve conflicts outside of the court system.
Emergency management directors prepare plans and procedures for responding to natural disasters or other emergencies. They also help lead the response during and after emergencies.
Public relations managers direct the creation of materials that will enhance the public image of their employer or client. Fundraising managers coordinate campaigns that bring in donations for their organization. Public relations specialists create and maintain a favorable public image for the organization they represent.
Butchers cut, trim, and package meat for retail sale. Judges and hearing officers apply the law by overseeing the legal process in courts. Insulation workers install and replace the materials used to insulate buildings or mechanical systems.
Labor relations specialists interpret and administer labor contracts. Exercise physiologists develop fitness and exercise programs that help injured or sick patients recover. Last Modified Date: Wednesday, September 15, Menu Search button Search:. Insurance Underwriters. Computer and Information Research Scientists.
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Police and Detectives. Private Detectives and Investigators. Security Guards and Gambling Surveillance Officers. Chefs and Head Cooks. Food Preparation Workers. Food and Beverage Serving and Related Workers. Waiters and Waitresses. Janitors and Building Cleaners.
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Advertising Sales Agents. Insurance Sales Agents. Wholesale and Manufacturing Sales Representatives. Real Estate Brokers and Sales Agents. Sales Engineers. Bill and Account Collectors. Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing Clerks. Customer Service Representatives. Police, Fire, and Ambulance Dispatchers. Postal Service Workers.
Secretaries and Administrative Assistants. Desktop Publishers. Agricultural Workers. Fishing and Hunting Workers. Masonry Workers. Flooring Installers and Tile and Stone Setters. Construction Laborers and Helpers. Construction Equipment Operators. Construction and Maintenance Painters. Some chefs use social media to promote their business by advertising new menu items or addressing patrons' reviews.
Executive chefs, head cooks, and chefs de cuisine are responsible primarily for overseeing the operation of a kitchen. They coordinate the work of sous chefs and other cooks, who prepare most of the meals. Executive chefs also have many duties beyond the kitchen. They design the menu, review food and beverage purchases, and often train cooks and other food preparation workers.
Some executive chefs primarily handle administrative tasks and may spend less time in the kitchen. In the absence of the head chef, sous chefs run the kitchen. Chefs and head cooks held about , jobs in The largest employers of chefs and head cooks were as follows:. All of the cooking and food preparation areas in these facilities must be kept clean and sanitary.
Chefs and head cooks usually stand for long periods and work in a fast-paced environment. Some self-employed chefs run their own restaurants or catering businesses, and their work may be more stressful.
For example, outside the kitchen, they often spend many hours managing all aspects of the business to ensure that bills and salaries are paid and that the business is profitable. Chefs and head cooks risk injury in kitchens, which are usually crowded and potentially dangerous.
Common hazards include burns from hot ovens, falls on slippery floors, and cuts from knives and other sharp objects, but these injuries are seldom serious.
To reduce the risk of harm, workers often wear long-sleeve shirts and nonslip shoes. Most chefs and head cooks work full time, including early mornings, late evenings, weekends, and holidays. Some work more than 40 hours per week. To enter the occupation, chefs and head cooks typically need a high school diploma plus experience.
Others learn through apprenticeship programs or in the Armed Forces. Chefs and head cooks are typically required to have a high school diploma or equivalent to enter the occupation. Although they are not always required to have postsecondary education, many attend programs at community colleges, technical schools, culinary arts schools, and 4-year colleges. Students in culinary programs spend most of their time in kitchens, practicing their cooking skills.
Programs cover all aspects of kitchen work, including menu planning, food sanitation procedures, and purchasing and inventory methods. Most programs also require students to gain experience in a commercial kitchen through an internship or apprenticeship program. Chefs and head cooks often start by working in other positions, such as line cooks , learning cooking skills from the chefs they work for. Many spend years working in kitchens before gaining enough experience to be promoted to chef or head cook positions.
Some chefs and head cooks train on the job, where they learn the same skills as in a formal education program. Some train in mentorship programs, where they work under the direction of an experienced chef. Executive chefs, head cooks, and sous chefs who work in upscale restaurants often have many years of training and experience. Chefs and head cooks also may learn through apprenticeship programs sponsored by professional culinary institutes, industry associations, or trade unions.
The American Culinary Federation accredits many training programs and sponsors apprenticeships through these programs. Some of the apprenticeship programs are registered with the U. Department of Labor. Apprenticeship programs generally combine instruction and on-the-job training.
Apprentices typically receive both instruction and paid on-the-job training. Instruction usually covers food sanitation and safety, basic knife skills, and equipment operation.
For more information, contact your state or local licensing board. Although not required, other types of certification may lead to advancement and higher pay.
The American Culinary Federation certifies various levels of chefs, such as certified sous chefs and certified executive chefs. Certification standards are based primarily on work experience and formal training.
Business skills. Executive chefs and chefs who run their own restaurant need to know how to budget for supplies, set prices, and manage workers so that the restaurant is profitable. Communication skills. Chefs must convey their instructions clearly and effectively to staff so that patrons' orders are prepared correctly. Chefs and head cooks need to develop and prepare interesting and innovative recipes. Chefs and head cooks need agility to handle knives properly for cutting, chopping, and dicing.
Leadership skills. Chefs and head cooks must be able to motivate kitchen staff and to develop constructive and cooperative working relationships. Physical stamina. Chefs and head cooks often work long shifts and sometimes spend entire evenings on their feet, overseeing the preparation and serving of meals. Sense of taste and smell. Chefs and head cooks must have a keen sense of taste and smell in order to inspect food quality and to design meals that their patrons will enjoy.
Time-management skills. Chefs and head cooks must ensure efficiency in meal preparation and service, especially during busy hours. Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U. Source: U. The median wage is the wage at which half the workers in an occupation earned more than that amount and half earned less. In May , the median annual wages for chefs and head cooks in the top industries in which they worked were as follows:. The level of pay for chefs and head cooks varies by region and employer.
Pay is usually highest in upscale restaurants and hotels, where many executive chefs work, as well as in major metropolitan and resort areas. Most chefs and head cooks work full time and often work early mornings, late evenings, weekends, and holidays.
Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program. Much of the projected employment growth in this occupation is due to recovery from the COVID recession that began in and is likely to occur early in the decade. Income growth will result in greater demand for high-quality dishes at a variety of dining venues. As a result, more restaurants and other dining places are expected to open to satisfy consumer desire for dining out. Consumers are continuing to demand healthier meals made from scratch in restaurants, cafeterias, grocery stores, and other places that sell food.
To ensure high-quality dishes, these establishments hire experienced chefs to oversee food preparation. These estimates are available for the nation as a whole, for individual states, and for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas. The link s below go to OEWS data maps for employment and wages by state and area.
All state projections data are available at www. Information on this site allows projected employment growth for an occupation to be compared among states or to be compared within one state. CareerOneStop includes hundreds of occupational profiles with data available by state and metro area.
There are links in the left-hand side menu to compare occupational employment by state and occupational wages by local area or metro area. There is also a salary info tool to search for wages by zip code. This table shows a list of occupations with job duties that are similar to those of chefs and head cooks. Bakers mix ingredients according to recipes in order to make breads, pastries, and other baked goods. Food and beverage serving and related workers take and prepare orders, clear tables, and do other tasks associated with providing food and drink to customers.
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